Since the introduction of mandatory EU tyre labels in 2012, all tyres have to carry a label informing the consumers how well the tyre performs based on 3 key performance criteria. Prior to the EU tyre labels, consumers mostly get to know how well the tyre performs via a press test. However with the introduction of labels, consumers are able to clearly and quickly compare different tyres at a glance of the product info. Before getting into the debate on whether wet braking, rolling resistance & exterior noise are worthy of a label status, let’s have a deep look at each performance criteria which is currently on the EU tyre label. 

1.0 Rolling Resistance

Rolling resistance is the first performance criteria you will see on the label itself. As global warming topics heats up the news cycle, people have been paying more attention to sustainability topics and in particular rolling resistance for tyres. So what is actually rolling resistance?

The rolling resistance is defined as the energy loss per distance travelled by the vehicle due to nonelastic deformations of the tyres and losses in the wheel suspension system. [Source]

The tyre’s rolling resistance is primarily caused by hysteresis –> a fancy word describing an energy loss due to loading and unloading of rubber due to its viscoelasticity nature. The main parameter which is measured for tyres is called the rolling resistance coefficient define as below

Rolling resistance coefficient, Cr = Resistance force, Fr / Normal load, N)

The most commonly used unit is N/kN whereby the resistance force is usually expressed in Newtons while the normal load is expressed in kilo Newton making this coefficient dimensionless. The values given in the EU label tables are also expressed in this same unit. 

The table below shows the current rolling resistance coefficient values corresponding to its grade.

[Source]

How to measure a tyre’s rolling resistance?

There are many known methods in measuring rolling resistance but in this article we will focus on the most common way which is done through a drum test. The picture shows a drum setup from one of the biggest suppliers, MTS. The big drum in the middle is used to drive the tyres while the force sensors are placed in the centre of the tyre.

The underlying idea is quite simple. The machine will apply a load on the tyre while it is being forced to turn by the drum. With a force sensor placed on the tyre, you will be able to deduce the resistance force which the tyre generates to prevent it from turning. The image below shows a clear force diagram to indicate the forces acting on the tyre. As the tyre reaches a steady state, the acceleration forces turns to 0 allowing a good accuracy of the rolling resistance to be achieved.

So why should we care?

As mentioned in the start, the lower your tyres rolling resistance, the less fuel you burn to reach your destination. Hence having a low rolling resistance tyre is good for your money and also the environment. Let’s take a look at how much CO2 less would you emit and money you would save when you make the switch to a better rolling resistance tyre.

1. Switching from Michelin XM2+ (label E) to Michelin e.Primacy (label A)

2. Numbers based on your whole tyre life of 60,000 km with a Myvi fuel consumption of 6 l/100km.

• Money saved ~350 EUROS

• Average fuel consumption with the new tyres 5.7 l/100km

• Fuel saved 200 l

• CO2 emissions reduction 527 kg CO2

2.0 Wet Braking

The friction of coefficient of the tyre/road dramatically decreases in wet roads compared to dry roads. Hence it is more likely to get into a road accident during wet conditions rather than on a sunny day. It was such an important safety topic that the EU label has wet braking as one of its three criteria. The current wet label is index is shown in the table below:

[Source]

One might ask what is actually the wet grip index? The wet grip index is defined as

G, wet grip index = (µcandidate tyre/ µSRTT )* 1.25 + C, correction factor.

In plain words, there is a reference tyre which everyone is testing their product against. Once the difference between this reference tyre is known, you will be able to determine the wet grip index via the calculation above. The reference is a standard reference test tyre, SRTT, which is currently produced by Michelin. Picture of SRTT is as below:

SRTT tyre

The correction factor C, is needed to compensate for temperature & track effects in the effort to standardise the test.

Testing procedure

Evaluation speed: 80-5 km/h

One might wonder why the evaluation is not done till 0 km/h or when the car comes to a halt. The reason is fairly simple. We want the test to have as little influence as possible from external factors. With the combination of ABS(antilock braking system) and EBD (Electronic Brakeforce Distribution) system, it was found that by evaluating till 5 km/h it reduces the error and it has been adopted for most of the magazine tests.

In regards to the testing itself, the car is fitted with an accelerometer sensor and all the driver needs to do is to slam on the brakes and collect the corresponding data.

Surface: 1.5 mm water depth

In order to simulate real life wet situations, a water depth of 1.5 mm is implemented to ensure the tyres are actually sliding on a reasonably wet surface. The water depth should be consistent throughout the track.

What is the difference?

So what does it actually mean when you have an A label tyre compared to an E label tyre? Based on the illustration below, a E label tyre will brake 18 metres later compared to an A label wet braking tyre. Based on our previous example, this would fit close to 5 Myvi’s in between. Hence the benefit of the wet grip is clearly illustrated in the picture below.

Overall, wet braking is a simple test procedure where it involves the measurement of the braking distance at 80km/h to 5 km/h. The wet label index is calculated by comparing the tyre results against a universal reference, SRTT. The benefits of having a good wet braking tyre can be clearly seen as an “A” label tyre can out break a “E” label tyre by 18 metres.

 3.0 Exterior Noise

At first glance, not many people will equate noise coming from the car directly to the tyre. Most of the time people are more fixated to the engine noise which dominates the surrounding sound wave. However as we move towards electrification, there will be no noise coming from the engine anymore and thus leaving the tyre as the dominant noise source.

EU label-Noise

Most of the readers might be familiar with the sound wave labelling system from the EU label. Let’s take a look at what the corresponding limits mean:

Source

To be clear, what the EU label is showing is the exterior noise. Hence from a consumer point of view, having a low exterior noise tyre might not benefit you directly but collectively it should benefit the environment. If you fancy a quiet interior car noise, this label indicator is definitely not something you should rely on. From the table above, you notice that the A B C classes are defined separately based on the tyre width. This reason is fairly simple, as the tyre width increases, your contact area to the road surface also increases. This results in a higher frequency of air pumping resulting in a higher noise level. Subsequently a 275mm width tyre has a +4 dB allowance more to hit label A compared to a 185mm width due to the same reasoning. 

How do you measure exterior noise?

Source

Pass by noise is one of the easiest things to measure. The picture above shows the ISO 362 standard of measuring pass by Noise. 2 microphone is placed 7.5m from the centre of the car while the car must roll with engine off & with a defined speed (80km/h) for at least 20m along the centerline of the microphone. The measurement is usually repeated 3-4 runs and the average is taken. One thing to note is that the test must be done in a dry condition as the wetness of the road surface affects the noise results. The road surface also plays a big part in the measurement and it should adhere to standards defined in ISO 362.

In the upcoming future, tyre noise will play a major role in the overall contribution to vehicle noise. Important to note that the EU label noise category is about exterior noise. Key factors affecting the pass by noise test includes tyre width, test surface, speed and also the wetness of the track.

4.0 Is the EU tyre label a fair comparison?

As the tyre label only shows the performance in wet braking, rolling resistance and exterior noise, there are some major performance criterias which are not included in the label. This resulted in an incomplete picture of the overall tyre performance. Of course you could always check out tyrereviews.com to have the testing data of the tyre but not everyone does their research before buying their tyres. We will explore some of the key performances which are not in the EU label but are important enough to be considered as a label contender. 

4.1 Wear

Mileage is certainly one of the key performance criteria that the consumers are aware of as they will notice the spending needs when it comes to replacing a new set of tyres. However, testing mileage is extremely costly and time consuming. Not to mention it is really hard to find a standardised test which fits the tyre manufacturers' proving ground as various factors influence tyre wear. An alternative which has been adopted by America is the UTQG (Uniform tyre Quality Grade) treadwear rating. The rating provides a rough indication of mileage as often there is a correlation between treadwear rating and actual tyre life. The question we are asking is why wear is not included in the EU tyre label? With the CO2 emission topic being a crucial factor in purchasing decisions, a tyre with higher longevity would indirectly reduce the CO2 emission per km. The main challenge would be to find a standardised test which can be done quickly and consistently. A possible solution could be to have the wear test done entyrely with a drum machine hence being able to produce a more consistent rating.  

4.2 Aquaplaning

Aquaplaning is something that you do not think about until you need it. The obvious solution to tackle any aquaplaning problem is to slow down your vehicle. However if you are unable to do that, driving with good aquaplaning tyres could be a great advantage. Unlike wear, aquaplaning is quite straightforward to test and has a great consistency. The main question still remains : is aquaplaning worth a spot on the EU tyre label? Due to the ease of testing and safety usage, it would definitely be something to consider in the future iterations. 

4.3 Dry braking

As you are driving most of the time in dry conditions, one might argue that from a usage point of view dry braking should be on the label rather than wet braking. Even though the coefficient of friction in dry braking is much higher than wet braking, the consumer ought to know how well the tyre performs in its normal mode of operation. Testing would be fairly straightforward which is similar to the current wet braking standards. The main argument would be that consumers should not need to rely on test magazines just to know the tyres main mode of braking. 

5.0 Summary

Overall, the EU label which has been around since 2012 has provided users a quick way to compare different tyres in the market. Even within the same product, the EU labels vary according to tyre sizes, so one should always look into the specific size of choice rather than the product line up itself. It should also be noted that the EU tyre labels are not perfect as they miss out some key performances such as wear, aquaplaning and dry.